| After the end of the Second Opium War, the Qing government was not only forced to sign unequal treaties, but also faced requests from Germany, Belgium, Portugal and other countries to conclude commercial treaties. As a result, the unequal treaty relationship between China and foreign countries has been further expanded.During this period of foreign affairs, the Qing government strengthened its understanding of treaties, changed its concept of interests, and adjusted its diplomatic countermeasures, which led to a change in its view of treaties: from rejecting treaties to strictly abiding by them, from traditional diplomacy to modern diplomacy, from comfort measures to safeguarding national power.The concept of diplomacy reacts to diplomatic practice, and promotes China's demands to boycott and even revise unequal treaties. This interaction not only highlights the contradiction and fusion between the modern East and West international orders, but also illustrates the transition process of China's diplomatic system from traditional to modern. |