王福海.孟子的政权合法性思想新解读 ——兼对有关孟子政权合法性思想两种理解的评析[J].,2021,22(4):34-42
孟子的政权合法性思想新解读 ——兼对有关孟子政权合法性思想两种理解的评析
Aü New Investigation on Mencius' Theory on Legitimacy
投稿时间:2021-07-11  
DOI:
中文关键词:  孟子  合法性  主权在民  价值判断  实然判断
English Keywords:Mencius  legitimacy  popular sovereignty  value judgement  factual judgement (
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作者单位
王福海 山东大学 儒学高等研究院,山东 济南 250100 
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中文摘要:
      长久以来,学界都存在着有关孟子是否主张民主的争论。支持者认为孟子主张“主权在民”,反对者则大多认为孟子主张“君权神授”,与周公相同。实际上,“主权在民”与“君权神授”都是有关政权合法性(legitimacy)的理论,都以“政权应该由谁掌握”的价值判断为其核心。争论双方所提供的论据并未包含这样一个判断,而俱由实然判断构成。故其并不能反映孟子的政权合法性思想,双方对各自观点的证明并不成立,其对关键文献如“天与人与”等节的解读存在错误。孟子实际主张政权合法性的依据在于统治者道德上的成就,并以超越的“价值之天”(而非人格神)为其终极基础,民意并不能直接作为合法性的依据。孟子的这一观点,对于我们今天建设人民民主、打破西方国家对民主价值的垄断,具有重要的现实意义。
English Summary:
      For a long time, there have been controversies about whether Mencius advocated democracy. Supporters believe that Mencius advocated the theory of “popular sovereignty”, while opponents mostly believe that Mencius advocated the theory of “sovereign power granted by God” as Zhou Gong did. In fact, the two theories are both about the legitimacy of political power, and both taking the value judgment of “who should control the power” as their core. The arguments provided by both parties in the dispute do not contain such a judgment, but consist of fact judgments. Therefore, it does not reflect Mencius' thoughts on legitimacy, and the proofs of the two parties are not valid. There are errors in its interpretation of key documents. Mencius actually advocated that the basis of the legitimacy of the political power lies in the moral achievement of the ruler, and the transcendent “Tian of Ethics” (not the Personality God) is the ultimate basis,and public opinion cannot be directly used as the basis of legitimacy. This view of Mencius has important practical significance for us today to build people's democracy and break the Western countries' monopoly on democratic values.
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